Apparatus in the fields of radio-frequency photonics (RF photonics), RF imaging technology, millimeter wave (mmW) imaging technology, optics, and telecommunications, namely, electro-optic modulators, photodetectors, antennas, array antennas, RF phased array systems for transmit and receive, amplifier circuits, phase shifting devices, integrated printed circuit boards, metallic waveguides, embedded control systems in FPGAs and microcontrollers, systems that synthesize RF signals and encode arbitrary waveforms for transmission and distribution in optical fibers; apparatus and/or systems related to RF imaging technology, such as millimeter wave (mmW) imaging technology; optical processors; photonic processors; optoelectronics processors; apparatus such as optical processors for the purpose of telecom data transmission and processing; chips and modules; apparatus and/or systems in the fields of photonics, telecommunications, RF imaging technology, millimeter wave (mmW) imaging technology, and/or optics