Computer hardware and downloadable software for use with diagnostic instrumentation to detect the presence and concentration of a chemical compound or analyte in an in vivo or an in vitro sample; computer hardware and downloadable software for use in non-invasive, minimally invasive and invasive medical devices, systems and controllers; computer hardware and downloadable software for detecting, characterizing, monitoring and predicting events of interest in electromagnetic, acoustic, magnetic, mechanical, vibration, text, video and gravitational data acquired using spectral, spatial, temporal, biometric, holographic, radiological, geolocation, fluidic flow and spatio-temporal sensors in analog and digital domain; downloadable software for transmitting images and data for signal and data enhancement; electronic sensors with embedded software for transmitting images and data for signal and data enhancement; computer hardware and downloadable software for enhancing data from stand-off, contact and remote sensors; computer hardware and downloadable software for use in signal-to-noise enhancement, clutter-rejection, encryption, biometrics, authentication, access management, privacy management, control, diagnostics, prognostics and interoperability applications; computer hardware and downloadable software for controlling microelectromechanical systems, biosensors, smart materials, elastomeric materials and memory-materials