Apparatus for storing information, namely, external hard drive, blank digital storage media, computer hardware for upload, storage, retrieval, download, transmission and delivery of digital content, solid state drive, non-volatile memory storage drive; Apparatus for controlling data storage in non-volatile memory, namely, integrated circuit (IC) for memory controller, semiconductor for data storage management, processor for memory control, memory controller, memory controller card, storage control chip; Apparatus for accessing and transmitting stored information, namely, non-volatile memory controller, external hard drive, computer hardware and peripheral devices and computer software for data communication and translating and transmitting data sold therewith, computer chipset for use in transmitting data to and from a central processing unit; Data storage apparatus, namely, solid state drives, semiconductors for data storage, semiconductor memory units, blank flash memory drives; Electronic circuit board for controlling and managing information storage, namely, memory controller, storage manager, non-volatile memory controller, host and storage interface controller; Integrated circuit for memory controller for optimizing storage capacity, interfacing between host computer and storage device, storing information in non-volatile memory, retrieving information from non-volatile memory, refreshing and recycling storage capacity