Accumulators; chargers and recharging technology for accumulators, namely, battery chargers; secondary batteries; chargers and recharging technology for secondary batteries, namely, rechargeable batteries and batteries that have electrochemical reactions that are electrically reversible; rechargeable energy storage in the nature of electrochemical and or electrical storage, namely, storage batteries, hydrogen storages, flow batteries; chargers and recharging technology for rechargeable energy storage, namely, devices or physical media that store energy to be used at a later date in the nature of storage batteries, electrical batteries, flow batteries, hydrogen, liquid nitrogen, power to gas system for converting electrical power to gas fuel composed of electric power converters; accumulator jars; accumulator boxes; accumulator cases; accumulator caps; cell cases and cell caps; apparatus and instruments for the maintenance and reprocessing of the aforementioned goods and their components in the nature of checking and testing devices and testing equipment, namely, battery testers; battery management systems comprised of mechanical and electrical components for protecting a battery from operating outside its Safe Operating Area, for monitoring its state, calculating secondary data, reporting that data, controlling its environment, authenticating and balancing it, monitoring batteries in view of the charging voltage, temperature, capacity, control of the charging process and analysis; battery management system in the nature of battery performance monitors that may be attached to a battery to monitor the performance of the battery and operating software for use therewith