Battery packs primarily comprised of multiple battery blocks, primarily comprised of multiple rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells, or battery modules primarily comprised of multiple battery blocks, primarily comprised of multiple rechargeable lithium-ion battery cells and battery management systems for the battery modules, primarily comprised of Local Management Unit (LMU) PCB board electronics and software primarily used for voltage and temperature monitoring and passive cell (block) balancing using bleed resistors, with a battery management system for the battery pack, primarily comprised of central controller PCB board electronics and software that controls the LMU boards, thermal management control circuitry and software, and High Voltage Front End (HVFE) including pre-charge circuits, contactors and relays, that monitors the state of charge and state of health of the pack, reports error codes, and maximizes the performance and safety of the battery pack, for use in consumer and commercial/industrial transportation applications