Medical and veterinary testing and diagnostic apparatus for biological, chemical, biochemical, DNA, RNA, protein and molecular analysis; electrowetting devices for medical and veterinary purposes; apparatus and instruments for automating the extraction and preparation of test samples for medical and veterinary purposes; portable medical and veterinary testing and diagnostic apparatus for biological, chemical, biochemical, DNA, RNA, protein and molecular analysis; diagnostic apparatus for medical or veterinary purposes for pregnancy testing, and for detecting pathogenic, infectious, psychiatric, oncogenic, metabolic, genetic, respiratory, genitourinary, digestive, inflammatory, autoimmune, reproductive, hepatic, central nervous system, degenerative and cardiovascular diseases or conditions; portable diagnostic apparatus for medical or veterinary purposes for pregnancy testing, and for detecting pathogenic, infectious, psychiatric, oncogenic, metabolic, genetic, respiratory, genitourinary, digestive, inflammatory, autoimmune, reproductive, hepatic, central nervous system, degenerative and cardiovascular diseases or conditions; testing apparatus for medical or veterinary purposes for detecting pathogenic, infectious, psychiatric, oncogenic, metabolic, genetic, respiratory, genitourinary, digestive, inflammatory, autoimmune, reproductive, hepatic, central nervous system, degenerative and cardiovascular diseases or conditions; portable testing apparatus for medical or veterinary purposes for detecting pathogenic, infectious, psychiatric, oncogenic, metabolic, genetic, respiratory, genitourinary, digestive, inflammatory, autoimmune, reproductive, hepatic, central nervous system, degenerative and cardiovascular diseases or conditions; cartridges for test samples, for medical purposes; reaction units containing chemical reagents, namely, reaction systems for medical testing purposes; Nanopore sensing devices for medical and veterinary purposes.