Apparatuses and instruments for the measurement, monitoring and evaluation of thermal processes; apparatuses and instruments for differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, multiple mode calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, thermo-mechanical analysis, adiabatic calorimetry, evolved gas analysis, determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity; apparatuses and instruments for the thermogravimetric measurement of mass change; measuring instruments for the determination of specific heat on solids and liquids, particularly by means of xenon flash heating and contactless temperature measurement; electronic and/or electro-technical thermobalance for the measurement of mass change under different atmospheres; combinations of electronic and/or electro-technical thermobalances with the fourier transform intrared spectrometer (FTIR) or mass spectrometer (MS); software for operating measuring instruments; automated appliance for filling and emptying measuring instruments for the sample space of thermo-analytical measuring instruments, sold as component together with measuring instruments; sample containers and sample holders for use with thermal, thermo-mechanical, calorimetric and thermogravimetric measuring instruments; automated appliance for filling and emptying measuring instruments, sold as a component together with measuring instruments; measuring heads for sensors used for thermal, thermo-mechanical, calorimetric and thermogravimetric measurement and analysis; sensors for thermal, thermo-mechanical, calorimetric and thermogravimetric measurement and analysis