Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems and their individual components, namely, RFID credentials, readers and writers for communicating with the RFID credentials, and programmers for programming the RFID credentials, wherein the RFID credentials are in the form of cards, tags, or key fobs; magnetic stripe systems and their individual components, namely, magnetic stripe cards and readers for communicating with the magnetic stripe cards; magnetic alloy wire systems and their individual components, namely, magnetic alloy wire cards and readers for communicating with the magnetic alloy wire cards; RFID reader and writer modules for original equipment manufacturers (OEM's); contact smart chips; multiple technology-based RFID cards which combine RFID technology with magnetic stripe technology, magnetic alloy wire technology, contact smart chip technology, bar code technology, anti-counterfeiting technology, or photo identification technology; multiple technology-based RFID readers which combine RFID technology with magnetic stripe technology, magnetic alloy wire technology, contact smart chip technology, key pad technology, bar code technology, or biometric technology; data routers for computer networks used in the fields of security and access control; and computer software for issuing and managing RFID credentials