Electrical and electronic apparatus for use in television standards conversion, television picture manipulation and special effects, and video apparatus for television studios, namely, video processing amplifiers, vertical interval processors, digital frame synchronizers and line synchronizers, video distribution amplifiers, pulse distribution amplifiers, audio distribution amplifiers, digital signal distribution amplifiers, audio/video switchers and control panels therefor, computer based digital video recording/playback units, audio/video router modules, audio and video multiplexers and demultiplexers, synchronizing pulse generators, video, audio and digital test signal generators, logo and ID generators, time code generators, converters and modules for inserting codes into program video, digital equipment for storage, file sorting and assembly, retrieval and playback of multiple field television images, television, video and audio standard/format converters and audio/video signal converters, encoders, decoders and transcoders, digital standard, signal and format converters, parallel to serial converters and serial to parallel converters