Computer programs and computer software that collect data, test data, screen data, detect problems, identify problems, evaluate data, track data, monitor, document, report, draw conclusions, describe alternatives, analyze alternatives, and make decisions, with respect to medical treatment, medical care, health care, preventative health care, physical therapy, nutritional therapy, drug therapy, surgery recovery therapy, gene therapy, psychological therapy, medical testing, diet, surgery, vaccinations, medications, adverse medications, antibiotics, medical records, medical data, medical equipment, medical supplies, disease, infectious disease, sickness, illness, infection, infective agents, microbials, antimicrobials, biological agent exposure, radiation exposure, fever, injury, and medical conditions of individuals and populations; and computer programs and computer software that detect and identify incidence rates, unusual rates, outbreaks and patterns of sickness, illness, disease, clinical conditions and related symptoms and test results in individuals and populations, and related geographic and demographic factors and aspects