Measuring instruments and systems for process technology optimization, all for use in pulp and paper processing for measuring and analyzing consistencies, retention, drainage, freeness, kappa, viscosity, brightness and peroxide retention; sound level measurement instruments; condition monitoring systems and preventative maintenance systems, wherein to measure physical parameters and changes therein such systems have, as major components, data acquisition units in the form of sensors, data storage units and warning units, for use respecting heavy machinery with rotating parts for use in the manufacturing industry, heavy industries, petroleum and petrochemical industries and energy industry; force, torque and pressure transducers all based on strain-gauge technology, measurement amplifiers and digital measurement systems all for the electrical measurement of mechanical properties; load cells based on strain-gauge technology; strain gauges; weighing electronics; thick-film electronic hybrid circuits and opto-electronic sensor sub-assemblies for use in measurement and control engineering, aerospace, medical, defense engineering and telecommunications; software for operating, controlling and monitoring the measuring, regulating, weighing, checking, controlling and signaling functions of the aforesaid goods; microelectronic component parts for the foregoing goods