automatic time and date recorders for imprinting documents with time and date information for payroll, time and attendance recording, job cost accounting, and general time/date documentation recording purposes; employee time recording computer system, comprising a computer programmed with special purpose time and attendance software, printer and data storage apparatus for imprinting employee entry/exit time on employee time cards, computing and printing time worked on employee time and/or payroll card, storing employee time information on separate recording media, and preparing and printing management, payroll, and labor distribution reports containing various employee work-related information and summaries; employee identification cards encoded with employee identification and card reader therefor; and access control systems comprising encoded access control cards, card readers, card reader activity recorders, management report generating, printing and display apparatus, and access control computer for recording and computing access-related information of various types